變速箱是汽車最重要的零件之一，但它不是由一個零件組成的。今天我就詳細介紹一下變速箱的結構和組成。接下來，我們來看看市面上常見的三種變速器的工作原理及其結構。

The gearbox is one of the most important parts of a car, but it is not composed of a single component. Today, I will provide a detailed introduction to the structure and composition of the gearbox. Next, let's take a look at the working principles and structures of three common transmissions on the market.

手動變速器結構

Manual transmission structure

手動變速器是指只有用手撥動變速桿才能改變傳動比。手動變速箱結構主要由殼體、傳動部件(輸入輸出軸、齒輪、同步器等)組成。)和控制部件(變速桿、撥叉等。).手動變速器的工作原理是通過換擋桿，切換中間軸上的主動齒輪，通過不同的齒輪組合與動力輸出軸結合，來改變驅動輪的扭矩和轉速。

A manual transmission refers to a gear ratio that can only be changed by manually shifting the gear lever. The structure of a manual gearbox mainly consists of a housing and transmission components (input and output shafts, gears, synchronizers, etc.) And control components (shift lever, fork, etc.) The working principle of a manual transmission is to switch the driving gear on the intermediate shaft through the shift lever, and combine different gear combinations with the power output shaft to change the torque and speed of the driving wheels.

自動變速器結構

Automatic transmission structure

目前自動變速器一般都是液力變矩器式自動變速器，也就是俗稱的“AT”自動變速器。它主要由兩部分組成：1 .液力變矩器與發動機飛輪連接。2.液力變矩器后面的傳動機構。液力變矩器一般由泵葉輪、定子葉輪、渦輪和鎖止離合器組成。鎖止離合器用于在車速超過一定速度時，將發動機與傳動機構直接連接，可以降低油耗。

At present, automatic transmissions are generally hydraulic torque converter automatic transmissions, commonly known as "AT" automatic transmissions. It mainly consists of two parts: 1 The hydraulic torque converter is connected to the engine flywheel. 2. The transmission mechanism behind the hydraulic torque converter. A hydraulic torque converter is generally composed of a pump impeller, a stator impeller, a turbine, and a lockup clutch. The lock up clutch is used to directly connect the engine to the transmission mechanism when the vehicle speed exceeds a certain limit, which can reduce fuel consumption.

自動手動變速器結構

Structure of automatic manual transmission

手自一體變速器其實就是電控液壓自動變速器。硬件方面，變速桿的中控臺下方只增加了三個傳感器，分別是升檔傳感器、降檔傳感器和手動模式傳感器。在軟件方面，在控制系統中加入了一些手動控制程序。傳感器用于檢測變速箱是否處于手動模式，并接收升檔或降檔信號。控制系統根據升檔或降檔信號控制變速器的升檔或降檔。

The automatic transmission is actually an electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission. In terms of hardware, only three sensors have been added below the center console of the gear lever, namely the upshift sensor, downshift sensor, and manual mode sensor. In terms of software, some manual control programs have been added to the control system. Sensors are used to detect whether the gearbox is in manual mode and receive upshift or downshift signals. The control system controls the upshift or downshift of the transmission based on the upshift or downshift signal.

從這個角度來說，以上三種變速箱雖然都屬于變速箱，但是工作原理和硬件都不一樣。如果我們對比手動擋和自動擋，會發現手動擋的操控部件更多，主要是因為手動擋更依賴車主自己的操控技術。

From this perspective, although all three types of gearboxes belong to gearboxes, their working principles and hardware are different. If we compare manual transmission and automatic transmission, we will find that manual transmission has more control components, mainly because manual transmission relies more on the owner's own control skills.